[148], Long term political and government appointments have resulted in the creation of "power fiefdoms" for senior princes,[149] such as those of King Abdullah, who had been Commander of the National Guard since 1963 (until 2010, when he appointed his son to replace him),[150] former Crown Prince Sultan, Minister of Defence and Aviation from 1962 to his death in 2011, former crown prince Prince Nayef who was the Minister of Interior from 1975 to his death in 2012, Prince Saud who had been Minister of Foreign Affairs since 1975[151] and current King Salman, who was Minister of Defense and Aviation before he was crown prince and Governor of the Riyadh Province from 1962 to 2011. [501] In the state school system, about half of the material taught is religious. [315], The United Kingdom has also been a major supplier of military equipment to Saudi Arabia since 1965. The government launched an extensive program to promote modern farming technology; to establish rural roads, irrigation networks and storage and export facilities; and to encourage agricultural research and training institutions. 'CAPITAL OF SAUDI ARABIA' is a 20 letter phrase starting with C and ending with A Crossword clues for 'CAPITAL OF SAUDI ARABIA' Clue Answer; Capital of Saudi Arabia (6) RIYADH: Saudi Arabia's largest city (6) King Saud University city (6) Arab capital (6) Saudi Arabian capital (6) The city is divided into 15 municipal districts headed by the Riyadh Development Authority, headed by the Mayor of Riyadh and the Governor of Riyadh … Osama bin Laden was a Saudi citizen (until stripped of his citizenship in 1994) and was responsible for the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in East Africa and the 2000 USS Cole bombing near the port of Aden, Yemen. [492], Until 2016, the kingdom used the lunar Islamic calendar, not the international Gregorian calendar,[493] but in 2016 the kingdom announced its switch to the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes. This included a complete reworking of strategy, restructuring the entire healthcare system in the Kingdom. It also aims to create an education system which will provide a more secular and vocationally based training. Following the amalgamation of the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, the new state was named al-Mamlakah al-ʿArabīyah as-Saʿūdīyah (a transliteration of المملكة العربية السعودية in Arabic) by royal decree on 23 September 1932 by its founder, Abdulaziz bin Saud. [476][f], Islam is the state religion of Saudi Arabia and its law requires that all citizens be Muslims. Relative Location Saudi Arabia is in the Middle East, which is located in southwest Asia. [312], Spending on defense and security has increased significantly since the mid-1990s and was about US$78.4 billion, as of 2019. About 50% of drinking water comes from desalination, 40% from the mining of non-renewable groundwater and 10% from surface water, especially in the mountainous southwest of the country. [203], Retaliatory punishments, or Qisas, are practised: for instance, an eye can be surgically removed at the insistence of a victim who lost his own eye. From 2003 to 2013, "several key services" were privatized—municipal water supply, electricity, telecommunications—and parts of education and health care, traffic control and car accident reporting were also privatized. Capital City of Saudi Arabia: Riyadh is the largest and capital city of Saudi Arabia . The attack caused no injuries or damage and did not disrupt oil supplies. [146] The number of princes is estimated to be at least 7,000, with most power and influence being wielded by the 200 or so male descendants of Ibn Saud. [554] The World Economic Forum 2010 Global Gender Gap Report ranked Saudi Arabia 129th out of 134 countries for gender parity. From the 18th century onward, Wahhabi fundamentalism discouraged artistic development inconsistent with its teaching. The kingdom has a long-standing military relationship with Pakistan, it has long been speculated that Saudi Arabia secretly funded Pakistan's atomic bomb programme and seeks to purchase atomic weapons from Pakistan, in near future. Within the framework of the 2016 National Transformation Program, also known as Saudi Vision 2030, the kingdom allocated 900 million euros to preserve its historical and cultural heritage. [464] There are around 100,000 Westerners in Saudi Arabia, most of whom live in compounds or gated communities. They are funding something else, which may down the road lead to individuals being radicalised and becoming fodder for terrorism," Patey said. As a result, they turned against Ibn Saud and, after a two-year struggle, were defeated in 1929 at the Battle of Sabilla, where their leaders were massacred. An investigation led by The Sunday Telegraph, exposed the condition of African migrants who were detained in Saudi Arabia allegedly for containing Covid-19 in the kingdom. [173] However, these changes have been criticized as being too slow or merely cosmetic. Arab dynasties originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia founded the Rashidun (632–661), Umayyad (661–750), Abbasid (750–1517) and Fatimid (909–1171) caliphates as well as numerous other dynasties in Asia, Africa and Europe.[18][19][20][21][22]. Saudi Arabia has the world's second-largest proven petroleum reserves and the country is the largest exporter of petroleum. Saudi Arabia is the largest country in the Middle East and the 12th largest in the world. [143] In 2009, the king made significant personnel changes to the government by appointing reformers to key positions and the first woman to a ministerial post. Animals such as gazelles, oryx, leopards and cheetahs[363] were relatively numerous until the 19th century, when extensive hunting reduced these animals almost to extinction. Capital punishment is a legal penalty in Saudi Arabia.The country performed at least 158 executions in 2015, at least 154 in 2016, at least 146 in 2017, at least 149 in 2018, with possibly 184 executed in 2019. Midian, Moab and Edom: The History and Archaeology of Late Bronze and Iron Age Jordan and North-West Arabia p. 163. [365] This also includes 42 species of deepwater fish. According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, SIPRI, in 2010–14 Saudi Arabia became the world's second largest arms importer, receiving four times more major arms than in 2005–2009. Transforming Saudi Arabia’s Capital Markets State Street Global Advisors 5. It is one of the biggest urban communities in the country.In English, Riyadh implies The Gardens, and it is the capital and biggest city in Saudi Arabia. [330], Saudi Arabia is widely accused of having one of the worst human rights records in the world. A number of sports were offered in each of these gyms, including bodybuilding, running and swimming to maintain higher standards of health. The regions are further divided into 118 governorates (Arabic: محافظات‎; muhafazat, sing. Although this is normally translated as "the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" in English,[47] it literally means "the Saudi Arab kingdom",[48] or "the Arab Saudi Kingdom". [17], Arabs originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia, the Hejaz in particular, founded the Rashidun (632–661), Umayyad (661–750), Abbasid (750–1517) and the Fatimid (909–1171) caliphates. [551], Only two years after Saudi Arabia signed a contract of 10 years with WWE, an increasing number of wrestlers denied to visit Riyadh. [citation needed] At the same time, the government became increasingly wasteful and extravagant. [238] On 20 May 2017, President Donald Trump and King Salman signed a series of letters of intent for Saudi Arabia to purchase arms from the United States totaling US$110 billion immediately,[239] and $350 billion over 10 years. capital of Saudi Arabia synonyms, capital of Saudi Arabia pronunciation, capital of Saudi Arabia translation, English dictionary definition of capital of Saudi Arabia. To date, the activities of the NSHR have been limited and doubts remain over its neutrality and independence. The highland is dominated by a rocky plateau that gives rise to a chain of escarpments, including the Jilh Al-Ishar, Al-Khuff, and, the Ṭuwayq Mountain, which form the backbone of the Najd region. [577][578][579], In February 2017, Saudi Arabia appointed its first woman to head the Saudi Stock Exchange. Traditional music is generally associated with poetry and is sung collectively. [278][279], Tensions have escalated between Saudi Arabia and its allies after the disappearance of Jamal Khashoggi from the Saudi consulate in Istanbul. In January 2020, several other WWE superstars cast doubt over visiting Saudi, following the heightened tensions in Middle East due to assassination of Qassem Soleimani. Currently, there are 498 hospitals in the Kingdom. It’s a city rich in history, boasting myriad forts, palaces and museums, and some of the country’s most colorful souqs. Saudi Arabia touches Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen, and Jordan. Synonyms for capital of Saudi Arabia in Free Thesaurus. [66] The Midianites were depicted in two major events in the Bible that recount Israel's two wars with Median, somewhere in the early 11th century BC. The Ministry's origins can be traced by to 1925, when a number of regional health departments were established, with the first in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. It started as a Sheikdom of Dedan, which developed into the Kingdom of Lihyan tribe. [470] In November 2013, Saudi Arabia expelled thousands of illegal Ethiopian residents from the Kingdom. The Nabataeans ruled large portions of north Arabia until their domain was annexed by the Roman Empire. What Languages Are Spoken In Saudi Arabia? [554][556] A royal decree passed in May 2017 allowed them to avail government services such as education and healthcare without the need of a consent of a male guardian. Known records from Uruk refer to a place called Dilmun, associated in several occasions with copper and in later period it was a source of imported woods in southern Mesopotamia. [356] The lowest recorded temperature to date, −12.0 °C (10.4 °F), was measured in Turaif. However, despite the gloomy economy and the need to “cut deeply” the government spending, the country had laid plans to acquire Newcastle United worth £300 million.[596][597]. Critics accused the kingdom of "sportswashing", as it turned a blind eye to the unending violation of human rights in the country against women, minorities, rights advocates and critics. [563], The average age at first marriage among Saudi females is 25 years in Saudi Arabia,[564] with child marriage no longer common. [240], In the Arab and Muslim worlds, Saudi Arabia is considered to be pro-Western and pro-American,[242] and it is certainly a long-term ally of the United States. Saudi Arabia?s Major Cities (Data as of 2018) The cities of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Saudi Arabia) are centers of industry and culture. ", WikiLeaks Shows a Saudi Obsession With Iran, "Saudi Arabia urges US attack on Iran to stop nuclear programme", "Obama advised Netanyahu of Iran talks in September", "Iran nuclear deal: Saudi Arabia and Gulf react with caution", "Insight: Saudis brace for 'nightmare' of U.S.-Iran rapprochement", "US, Saudi drifting apart despite Obama visit", "Saudi Arabian troops enter Bahrain as regime asks for help to quell uprising", U.S. [306] Congress overwhelmingly rejected President Barack Obama's veto. [78], In 2005, King Fahd died and was succeeded by Abdullah, who continued the policy of minimum reform and clamping down on protests. [203][204][205] The 345 reported executions between 2007 and 2010 were all carried out by public beheading. All orders are custom made and most ship worldwide within 24 hours. [436][437], The official language of Saudi Arabia is Arabic. [15] The world's second-largest religion,[16] Islam, emerged in modern-day Saudi Arabia. محافظة; muhafazah). [227][228] However, the relationship between Saudi Arabia and the United States became strained and have witnessed major decline during the last years of the Obama administration,[229][230][231] although Obama had authorized US forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their military intervention in Yemen, establishing a joint coordination planning cell with the Saudi military that is helping manage the war,[232][233] and CIA used Saudi bases for drone assassinations in Yemen. 15 of the 19 terrorists involved in September 11 attacks in New York City, Washington, D.C., and near Shanksville, Pennsylvania were Saudi nationals. 1 synonym for capital of Saudi Arabia: Riyadh. [64] The capital of Midian was Qurayyah,[65] it consists of a large fortified citadel encompassing 35 hectares and below it lies a walled settlement of 15 hectares. A large plateau located in the central part of the Arabian Peninsula serves as a stage for the development of this city, which is also the most populated of the country. The paragraphs dealing with the punishment of homosexuality or same-sex relations have been deleted, and expressions of admiration for the extremist martyrdom. The State of Lihyan: A New Perspective – p. 192, Rohmer, J. [408] According to data from Fitch Ratings, over two years starting from May 2016 Saudi Arabia went from having zero debt to raising $68 billion in dollar-denominated bonds and syndicated loans—one of the fastest rates among emerging economies. [488] The Saudi government has often been viewed as an active oppressor of Shia Muslims because of the funding of the Wahhabi ideology which denounces the Shia faith. [554][569] The restrictions include forcing women to sit in separate specially designated family sections in restaurants, to wear an abaya and to cover their hair. [61], By the late Bronze Age, a historically recorded people and land (Midian and the Midianites) in the north-western portion of Saudi Arabia are well-documented in the Bible. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Ottoman Empire continued to control or have a suzerainty over most of the peninsula. [78][79], For much of the 10th century, the Isma'ili-Shi'ite Qarmatians were the most powerful force in the Persian Gulf. The Saudi Foreign Ministry retaliated with an equal statement saying, "it will respond with greater action," indicating the kingdom's "influential and vital role in the global economy." As a result, there has been a phenomenal growth in the production of all basic foods. Health in the rural areas of the country became more accessible during this period. [58] Aside from horses, animals such as sheep, goats, dogs, in particular of the Saluki breed, ostriches, falcons and fish were discovered in the form of stone statues and rock engravings. [123], Since 2011, Saudi Arabia has been affected by its own Arab Spring protests. Coffee, served in the Arabic style, is the traditional beverage but tea and various fruit juices are popular as well. Faifi is spoken by about 50,000. Clash Over Khashoggi Case", "Top U.S. [57] The culture is characterized as being one of the world's first to involve the widespread domestication of animals, particularly the horse, during the Neolithic period. [299] American politicians and media accused the Saudi government of supporting terrorism and tolerating a jihadist culture. The population drastically grew in the 1970s and 1980s when the city experienced rapid economic growth and attracted international immigrants as foreign laborers. [487] The official and dominant form of Islam in the kingdom—Wahhabism—arose in the central region of Najd, in the 18th century. A coalition of Gulf states — led by Saudi Arabia … [297] Similarly, President of Syria Bashar al-Assad noted that the sources of the extreme ideology of the terrorist organization ISIS and other such salafist extremist groups are the Wahabbism that has been supported by the royal family of Saudi Arabia. [620], The Kingdom has attempted to link lifestyle with health through a number of initiatives. In public women are required to wear a black abaya or other black clothing that covers everything under the neck with the exception of their hands and feet, although most women cover their head in respect for their religion. The Saudi Arabia national football team is considered as one of Asia's most successful national teams, having reached a joint record 6 AFC Asian Cup finals, winning three of those finals (1984, 1988, and 1996) and having qualified for the World Cup four consecutive times ever since debuting at the 1994 tournament. Saudi Arabian cuisine is similar to that of the surrounding countries in the Arabian Peninsula and the wider Arab world, and has influenced and been influenced by Turkish, Indian, Persian, and African food. It is strongly dependent on foreign workers with about 80% of those employed in the private sector being non-Saudi. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions © 2021 worldatlas.com, Saudi Arabia's Ethnic Groups And Nationalities. Lashings are a common form of punishment[212] and are often imposed for offences against religion and public morality such as drinking alcohol and neglect of prayer and fasting obligations. Riyadh, Arabic Al-Riyāḍ, city and capital of Saudi Arabia. The WHO had earlier classified three Saudi Arabian cities, Ad Diriyah, Jalajil, and Al-Jamoom as “Healthy city”, as part of the WHO Healthy Cities Program. [246][247][248][249][250][251] In February 2019, Crown Prince Mohammad defended China's Xinjiang re-education camps for Uyghur Muslims,[252][253] saying "China has the right to carry out anti-terrorism and de-extremisation work for its national security. As stated by Ozgur Unluhisarcikli, director of the German Marshall Fund's Ankara office "Turkey is maintaining a very delicate balance in its relations with Saudi Arabia. [221] There has been an intense debate over whether Saudi aid and Wahhabism has fomented extremism in recipient countries. Saudi Arabia recorded a capital and financial account surplus of 1268.69 USD Million in the third quarter of 2020. ... Saudi Aramco, Saudi Arabia's behemoth state oil … Riyadh, capital city of Saudi Arabia by Capital City. Centered in Tabouk, it stretched from Wadi Arabah in the north to the area of al-Wejh in the south. [611] Critics have described the education system as "medieval" and that its primary goal "is to maintain the rule of absolute monarchy by casting it as the ordained protector of the faith, and that Islam is at war with other faiths and cultures". [88] Their rule extended from Iraq to Oman at its height and they too came under Ottoman suzerainty. Official Riyadh The Capital City Of Saudi Arabia [195] Final appeal from both Sharia courts and government tribunals is to the King and all courts and tribunals follow Sharia rules of evidence and procedure. [595] On 2 May, the Finance Minister of Saudi Arabia admitted that the country's economy was facing a severe economical crisis for the first time in decades, due to the pandemic as well as declining global oil markets. The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is widespread.[140]. Antonyms for capital of Saudi Arabia. [77] The Islamic prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca in about 571 CE. Those arrested are often not informed of the crime of which they are accused or given access to a lawyer and are subject to abusive treatment and torture if they do not confess. [3] Other sources report differing estimates. [549], On 31 October 2019, Saudi Arabia hosted the first ever women's wrestling match held by the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). [126] On 18 March the same year, King Abdullah announced a package of $93 billion, which included 500,000 new homes to a cost of $67 billion, in addition to creating 60,000 new security jobs. [202] The death penalty can be imposed for a wide range of offences including murder, rape, armed robbery, repeated drug use, apostasy, adultery, witchcraft and sorcery and can be carried out by beheading with a sword, stoning or firing squad, followed by crucifixion. Following the latter's final defeat, he took the title Sultan of Nejd in 1921. A joint statement was issued by Britain, France and Germany also demanding a "credible investigation to establish the truth about what happened, and — if relevant — to identify those bearing responsibility for the disappearance of Jamal Khashoggi, and ensure that they are held to account. [342][343][344], In December 2019, Saudi Arabia organized a big-budget electronic dance music festival, MDL Beast to the kingdom, "the region's biggest music event". [72] The Lihyanites ruled over large domain from Yathrib in the south and parts of the Levant in the north. Despite improvements service quality remains poor. Education is free at all levels. Music and dance have always been part of Saudi life. [335], Saudi Arabia has a "Counter-Radicalization Program" the purpose of which is to "combat the spread and appeal of extremist ideologies among the general populous [sic]" and to "instill the true values of the Islamic faith, such as tolerance and moderation. 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